What Are Nootropics? How These Cognitive Enhancers Can Take Your Brain Health To The Next-Level

What Are Nootropics

Never before in human history have we seen the level of brain and neurological problems that we see today. Ranging from mild to severe or even life-threatening, these brain disorders include anxiety, brain fog, fatigue, depression, attention deficit and attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADD and ADHD), autism, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and multiple sclerosis. These are just some of the brain conditions that now occur in epidemic proportions and affect nearly everyone in some way. Why here, why now? What has society done to itself that could have triggered such rampant brain dysfunction, to the extent that the quality of countless lives are impacted every day?

As a functional medicine practitioner, it’s my job to ask questions like this in order to get to the root cause of health problems - especially brain and neurological issues like the ones I’ve already listed. Unfortunately, there are no easy answers because the brain is multifaceted and complex. However, there are some exciting tools we can all use to improve and support optimal brain function in the face of this scary health trend. One of my favorites, because of its effectiveness and lack of side effects, is natural nootropics.

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What the heck are nootropics?

While they may sound like some fancy new cutting-edge technology, “nootropic” is just a word for any supplement, drug, or other substance that may have the ability to enhance cognitive function. Sometimes referred to as “smart drugs,” nootropics work to improve memory and cognitive performance and provide neuroprotection in healthy people. In other words, they claim to boost brain power and protect your brain from deterioration over time.

Natural nootropics vs. pharmaceutical nootropics

Nootropics come in many forms - natural, synthetic, and pharmaceutical. Commonly prescribed for ADD and ADHD, Ritalin and Adderall are considered nootropics. Synthetic nootropics are becoming popular, although there isn’t yet much research regarding their long-term effects - examples include Modafinil, Adrafinil, and Piracetam. These may be tempting for those struggling with severe brain fog or fatigue, but I don’t recommend them until we know more about their long-term effects.

But there is another option. In functional medicine, we strive to uncover and treat the underlying cause of brain problems, and we prefer to try natural solutions before synthetic ones. Luckily, there are many natural nootropics. You’ve probably already heard of some because alternative medicine practitioners have been using and recommending them for many years. These natural smart drugs include several types of herbs, especially adaptogens, as well as food-based compounds commonly found in healthy foods you may already eat. The biggest difference between these natural nootropics and synthetic and prescription options is how quickly they take effect. While medications and synthetic drugs offer a quicker reaction time, they also have more intense side effects and require a prescription. Like all natural remedies, natural nootropics have a slower effect that is more subtle at first, but work gently in harmony with your body to enhance and protect brain function with fewer and less extreme side effects.

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Benefits of nootropics

As powerful cognitive enhancers, nootropics have been shown to improve your brain health in more ways than one.

1. Improved memory 

Many nootropics are associated with enhanced memory retention and faster learning. Multiple studies have linked (1) certain nootropics like Bocopa monnieri with enhanced learning and memory. 

2. Enhanced focus and concentration

Nootropics can help individuals maintain a higher level of focus and mental clarity, making it easier to complete tasks and solve problems.

3. Stabilized mood

Certain adaptogenic nootropics like ashwagandha have been shown to reduce stress and anxiety, leading to an improved overall mood and well-being. A recent study published in the journal Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, (2) found that regular supplementation with ashwagandha was linked to better sleep, improved memory and focus, and less stress and anxiety in as little as 90 days!

4. Creativity and problem-solving

Nootropics can stimulate (3) creative thinking and enhance problem-solving abilities by boosting cognitive flexibility and positive emotions.

5. Neuroprotection

Nootropics are known to have powerful antioxidant properties (4) that can protect brain tissue from neurotoxicity and decline.

Natural nootropics in beverages and supplements

If you want to approach the world of nootropics with some caution but you also want to boost your brain performance, dip your toe in by incorporating a few of these natural nootropics into your wellness routine. These are all easily accessible without a prescription with each one offering a unique benefit for your brain.

1. Caffeine

You might just think it helps perk you up in the morning, but caffeine is a superstar nootropic. Naturally occurring in coffee, tea, and chocolate, caffeine is hardly a stranger. You can also get caffeine in supplement form, if you aren’t a coffee or tea drinker. Caffeine helps you feel more alert and wakes you up by blocking (5) your brain’s adenosine receptors, and the result is a sharper brain and clearer thinking.

2. L-Theanine

Naturally occurring in tea, especially green tea, L-theanine is a great co-pilot to caffeine having shown that the combination (6) of these two resulted in faster reaction time and less mental fatigue.

3. Creatine

An amino acid your body uses to make protein and promote muscle growth, creatine is a popular supplement amongst athletes. It’s also great brain fuel because it binds with phosphate in your brain to provide energy (7) to your brain’s cells, increasing short-term memory. (8)

4. Gingko biloba

I always manage to throw an adaptogen onto my lists because they are my favorite tool for managing stress and boosting brain power, and gingko biloba is a particularly brain-beneficial adaptogen. The leaves of the ginkgo biloba tree are proven brain boosters, especially when it comes to improving memory (9) and alleviating stress by decreasing (10) levels of cortisol, your stress hormone.

5. Panax ginseng

Another adaptogen, this herb improves memory by reducing oxidative stress, thereby promoting the production of brain-protecting nitric oxide. Research has also shown that panax ginseng may prevent (11) age-related memory loss and improve long-term memory. (12)

6. Curcumin

You may have 99 problems, but if you use it regularly, curcumin has probably already solved 98 of them - and you can add improved cognitive performance to that list. With long-term use, this compound, abundant in the turmeric root, has been shown (13) to improve working memory. Curcumin can also increase brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), (14) reduce oxidative stress, (15) and reduce inflammation by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. (16)

7. Rhodiola

Another one of my favorite adaptogens, rhodiola is also a superstar nootropic that has been shown in multiple clinical studies (17) to alleviate fatigue and anxiety and enhance work performance and memory. One study (18) found that rhodiola had positive effects on neurotransmitters in your brain that influence your mood, resulting in improved anxiety, depression, and overall mood.

8. Omega-3s

Omega-3 fatty acids found abundantly in fish, have shown potential (19) in protecting brain cells from damage and aging. In fact, according to the Alzheimer's Society, (20) omega-3s are able to help improve symptoms of early stage dementia.

9. Green tea

An abundant source of both L-theanine and caffeine, green tea is one of my favorite natural nootropics. I love sipping green tea throughout my day to give my brain a little boost without having to take these nootropics in supplement form.

10. Lion’s mane

Lion’s mane mushrooms are known (21) for their adaptogenic and neuroprotective properties that are able to promote the production of nerve growth factors (NGFs) in your brain involved in memory.

How to use nootropics

It’s easy to add natural nootropics to your daily wellness routine. You can find most of these herbs and compounds in supplement form from any natural food or vitamin store, or online. You can also find adaptogens and turmeric in powder form, which you can throw into your morning smoothie, favorite recipe, or elixir.

If you decide to explore the amazing brain-boosting power of natural nootropics, it’s important to know that while these natural “smart drugs” are considered generally safe, research is ongoing but still limited. Everyone is different and has different reactions to foods and supplements so, depending on your health case, you may be more sensitive to certain nootropics, especially L-theanine and/or caffeine. For instance, some people have specific gene mutations that make it more difficult for them to metabolize caffeine. These people will probably not respond well to caffeine. My advice is to start slow, listen to your body, note any problems, adjust dosages accordingly, and always tell your doctor about your supplement use, no matter how natural the supplement may be.

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References:

  1. Pase, Matthew P et al. “The cognitive-enhancing effects of Bacopa monnieri: a systematic review of randomized, controlled human clinical trials.” Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) vol. 18,7 (2012): 647-52. doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0367
  2. Gopukumar, Kumarpillai et al. “Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha Root Extract on Cognitive Functions in Healthy, Stressed Adults: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.” Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM vol. 2021 8254344. 30 Nov. 2021, doi:10.1155/2021/8254344
  3. Medrano, María et al. “Acute Effect of a Dietary Multi-Ingredient Nootropic as a Cognitive Enhancer in Young Healthy Adults: A Randomized, Triple-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Trial.” Frontiers in nutrition vol. 9 858910. 12 May. 2022, doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.858910
  4. Malík, Matěj, and Pavel Tlustoš. “Nootropic Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees as Potential Cognitive Enhancers.” Plants (Basel, Switzerland) vol. 12,6 1364. 18 Mar. 2023, doi:10.3390/plants12061364
  5. Ribeiro, Joaquim A, and Ana M Sebastião. “Caffeine and adenosine.” Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD vol. 20 Suppl 1 (2010): S3-15. doi:10.3233/JAD-2010-1379
  6. Haskell, Crystal F et al. “The effects of L-theanine, caffeine and their combination on cognition and mood.” Biological psychology vol. 77,2 (2008): 113-22. doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.09.008
  7. Schlattner, Uwe et al. “Mitochondrial creatine kinase in human health and disease.” Biochimica et biophysica acta vol. 1762,2 (2006): 164-80. doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2005.09.004
  8. Avgerinos, Konstantinos I et al. “Effects of creatine supplementation on cognitive function of healthy individuals: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.” Experimental gerontology vol. 108 (2018): 166-173. doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.04.013
  9. Mix, J A, and W D Crews Jr. “An examination of the efficacy of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb761 on the neuropsychologic functioning of cognitively intact older adults.” Journal of alternative and complementary medicine (New York, N.Y.) vol. 6,3 (2000): 219-29. doi:10.1089/acm.2000.6.219
  10. Jezova, D et al. “Reduction of rise in blood pressure and cortisol release during stress by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in healthy volunteers.” Journal of physiology and pharmacology : an official journal of the Polish Physiological Society vol. 53,3 (2002): 337-48.
  11. Yeo, Hye-Bin et al. “Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Cognitive and Motor Function: A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Trial.” Journal of ginseng research vol. 36,2 (2012): 190-7. doi:10.5142/jgr.2012.36.2.190
  12. Scholey, Andrew et al. “Effects of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on neurocognitive function: an acute, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study.” Psychopharmacology vol. 212,3 (2010): 345-56. doi:10.1007/s00213-010-1964-y
  13. Cox, Katherine H M et al. “Investigation of the effects of solid lipid curcumin on cognition and mood in a healthy older population.” Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) vol. 29,5 (2015): 642-51. doi:10.1177/0269881114552744
  14. Wang, Rui et al. “Curcumin produces neuroprotective effects via activating brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TrkB-dependent MAPK and PI-3K cascades in rodent cortical neurons.” Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry vol. 34,1 (2010): 147-53. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.10.016
  15. Mishra, Shrikant, and Kalpana Palanivelu. “The effect of curcumin (turmeric) on Alzheimer's disease: An overview.” Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology vol. 11,1 (2008): 13-9. doi:10.4103/0972-2327.40220
  16. Jian Xu, Xinjuan Kong, Hong Xiu, Yihe Dou, Zeyu Wu, Peng Sun, Combination of curcumin and vagus nerve stimulation attenuates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury induced behavioral deficits, Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, Volume 103, 2018, Pages 614-620, ISSN 0753-3322, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.069.
  17. Ma, Gou-Ping et al. “Rhodiola rosea L. Improves Learning and Memory Function: Preclinical Evidence and Possible Mechanisms.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 9 1415. 4 Dec. 2018, doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01415
  18. Jay D. Amsterdam, Alexander G. Panossian, Rhodiola rosea L. as a putative botanical antidepressant, Phytomedicine, Volume 23, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 770-783, ISSN 0944-7113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.009.
  19. Ajith, Thekkuttuparambil Ananthanarayanan. “A Recent Update on the Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Alzheimer's Disease.” Current clinical pharmacology vol. 13,4 (2018): 252-260. doi:10.2174/1574884713666180807145648
  20. Alzheimer's Society "Omega-3 and Dementia" Accessed October 2023. https://www.alzheimers.org.uk/about-dementia/risk-factors-and-prevention/omega-3-and-dementia
  21. Lai, Puei-Lene et al. “Neurotrophic properties of the Lion's mane medicinal mushroom, Hericium erinaceus (Higher Basidiomycetes) from Malaysia.” International journal of medicinal mushrooms vol. 15,6 (2013): 539-54. doi:10.1615/intjmedmushr.v15.i6.30

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BY DR. WILL COLE

Evidence-based reviewed article

Dr. Will Cole, DNM, IFMCP, DC is a leading functional medicine expert who consults people around the globe, starting one of the first functional medicine telehealth centers in the world. Named one of the top 50 functional and integrative doctors in the nation, Dr. Will Cole provides a functional medicine approach for thyroid issues, autoimmune conditions, hormonal imbalances, digestive disorders, and brain problems. He is the host of the popular The Art Of Being Well podcast and the New York Times bestselling author of Intuitive Fasting, Ketotarian, The Inflammation Spectrum and the brand new book Gut Feelings: Healing the Shame-Fueled Relationship Between What You Eat and How You Feel.

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